LibGuides: Referencing - International Law: Repeated references (2024)

FAQs

How many times should you reference the same source? ›

This depends on how you are citing them. If you are citing them in-text more than once, and you are referring to the same source each time, then you can simply reuse that same in-text reference with a single entry on your references page at the end.

Subsequent citations

The first time a source is mentioned, you must give the citation in full. In subsequent citations, briefly identify the source, and give the footnote number where the full citation can be found.

To recap, the rules are: End the citation with a full stop. Only ever use 'ibid' to reference the immediately preceding footnote. We can use ibid more than once consecutively.

"Ibid." (the abbreviation for "ibidem", meaning "in the same place") refers to the work cited in the preceding footnote or to the preceding work within the same footnote.

Try to make it clear in each following sentence if it is still coming from the same source, using phrases like "According to", "They also state...", "That article concludes...". If it is clear, you don't need to repeat the in-text citation for those sentences.

When citing the work of the same author multiple times in one paragraph, you do not need to reference the author at the end of each sentence. That would look clunky and make your writing stilted. Instead, introduce the author with a full in-text citation at the beginning of the paragraph and then, again, at the end.

Subsequent references to legislation - a Short Title may be used (Rule 1.4. 4). E.g. Legislation Title n(Footnote Number) Pinpoint. Use 'Ibid' (meaning 'the same') if the source and pinpoint reference in the immediately preceding footnote is the same source and pinpoint being cited in the current footnote.

Include both the original author and year and the author and year of the work where quote/idea was found in the in-text reference. Add "as cited in" before the author in the in-text reference. For example - (Harris, 2009, as cited in Lewis, 2019).

The 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style discourages the use of ibid., which previously was used to refer the same source cited in the previous footnote. Instead of using ibid., a shortened form of the citation may be used.

What replaced ibid? ›

The 17^th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style discourages the use of Ibid. Instead, the CMOS recommends the use of further shortened citations that consist of the author(s)' last name(s) and the page number(s).

You can use ibid. several times in a row, but bear in mind that it only refers to the previous citation. Don't use ibid. to refer back to a source when you've cited something else in between. Instead reintroduce the source.

Yes, you can abbreviate the subsequent citations of the source. If the subsequent citation is in the footnote immediately following the full citation, you can use 'ibid'. Used alone, 'ibid' means 'in the very same place' – in other words, the same source and the same page or paragraph as the preceding full citation.

The abbreviation “Op. Cit.” is used with the author's last name and page number to denote a reference to a work previously cited in your paper. It differs from “Ibid” in that it refers to a work that does not immediately follow the one just cited.

Ibid. Leeds Harvard does not use ibid to refer to previously cited items. If you are citing the same item twice in a row (i.e. you do not cite any other items in the text between the two citations) you must write the full citation again.

Including just one citation at the end of a paragraph is not sufficient unless the last sentence is the only information in the paragraph that came from the cited source. Cite sources often and correctly throughout a paragraph in order to avoid unintentional plagiarism.

If you are citing the same item twice in a row (i.e. you do not cite any other items in the text between the two citations) you must write the full citation again. As usual, if you are directly quoting or paraphrasing specific ideas, you should include a page number (if there is one). Example: Jones et al.

The MLA Style Center

If you continue to cite the same source in subsequent paragraphs and no other source intervenes, you do not need to identify the source again unless ambiguity would result.

Where multiple consecutive sentences use information from the same single source, it is not necessary to provide a citation after each of the sentences. It is sufficient to place a citation at the end of the consecutive sentences, or a paragraph, to cover the citable information in the preceding text.